Anatomy, Bones

Abstract

Bones are often considered static structures that only offer structural support (see Image . Parts of a Long Bone). However, bones have many functions, like other organ systems. Besides serving as a framework for soft tissue, bones permit locomotion, protect vital organs, facilitate breathing, play a role in electrolyte homeostasis, and house hematopoietic sites. Bone remodeling continues throughout life, driven by physiologic demands. The skeletal system can respond to increased mechanical stress by activating osteogenesis—the bone formation process. This ability is evident in how resistance training shapes the body. Resistance exercise has proven to be a viable therapeutic option for osteosarcopenia or age-related bone and muscle loss. Bones adapt in response to both external and internal stimuli. Unlike other organs, these hard structures may break when subjected to excessive force but regenerate without fibrosis or scarring.  Human infants typically have 270 bones, fusing into around 206 in the human adult. Variability in number arises from some bones' anatomic variations. Bones differ in size, shape, and strength, depending on function. Understanding bone anatomy and physiology helps healthcare professionals treat skeletal conditions. Diagnosis and proper initial management of acute fractures of the carpal bones is critical because of the limited blood supply of many bones of the wrist and the role of the carpus in optimizing hand function. Pathology is correctly diagnosed by a focused history and examination. Injuries may be missed with a cursory examination and routine wrist radiographs. Together, fractures of the scaphoid and triquetrum make up nearly 90% of carpal bone fractures. Relative frequency, mechanism of injury, diagnosis, and management principles are covered for each of the bones of the wrist.

Neurotransmitters

None linked yet.

Related

• Resistance training