Glutamine
⤢ 3D
Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid important for gut and immune function, particularly during severe illness or intense training. Despite marketing, there is little evidence that supplementation enhances mood or cognition in healthy people. It is generally well tolerated.
Too little may be associated with
Low reserves under severe stress.
Too much may be associated with
Generally safe; caution in liver or kidney disease.
Informational only — not medical advice.
Neurotransmitters
Research (19)
- Macrophages harness hepatocyte glutamate to boost liver regeneration Rigual et al. (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle: Insights, Updates, and Advances Andersen (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- A glutamine metabolic switch supports erythropoiesis Zhang et al. (2024) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Depression and the Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle Mamelak (2024) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Evaluation of Prefrontal γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Levels in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Ritter et al. (2022) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Integration of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle Andersen et al. (2022) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- A neuro-metabolic account of why daylong cognitive work alters the control of economic decisions Wiehler et al. (2022) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Sickle Cell Disease: A Review Kavanagh et al. (2022) PubMed ↗
- Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell disease Brandow et al. (2022) PubMed ↗
- Spatially resolved isotope tracing reveals tissue metabolic activity Li et al. (2022) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Glutamate metabolism and recycling at the excitatory synapse in health and neurodegeneration Andersen et al. (2021) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Regional balance between glutamate+glutamine and GABA+ in the resting human brain Steel et al. (2020) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- The vaso-occlusive pain crisis in sickle cell disease: Definition, pathophysiology, and management Darbari et al. (2020) PubMed ↗
- Histidine in Health and Disease: Metabolism, Physiological Importance, and Use as a Supplement Holeček (2020) PubMed ↗
- L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain Ferreira et al. (2017) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
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