Neurofeedback
A form of biofeedback in which real-time displays of brain activity (usually EEG) train a person to self-regulate specific rhythms or regions. Explored for ADHD, anxiety, and epilepsy, with variable evidence quality.
Benefits
Non-invasive and drug-free; may improve attention and self-regulation; low physical risk.
Risks
Evidence is mixed and effect sizes debated; time- and cost-intensive; results depend heavily on protocol and practitioner.
Informational only — not medical advice.
Neurotransmitters
None linked yet.
Brain areas
Research (8)
- Neurofeedback and epilepsy: Renaissance of an old self-regulation method? Marchi et al. (2024) PubMed ↗
- Can neurofeedback provide evidence of direct brain-behavior causality? Ros et al. (2022) PubMed ↗
- Neurofeedback through the lens of reinforcement learning Dayan et al. (2022) PubMed ↗
- Neurofeedback for cognitive enhancement and intervention and brain plasticity Loriette et al. (2021) PubMed ↗
- Neurofeedback Hampson et al. (2020) PubMed ↗
- Neurofeedback: Principles, appraisal, and outstanding issues Papo (2019) PubMed ↗
- Neurofeedback as a Treatment Intervention in ADHD: Current Evidence and Practice Enriquez-Geppert et al. (2019) PubMed ↗
- Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback Sitaram et al. (2017) PubMed ↗
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