Choline
⤢ 3D
Choline is an essential nutrient required for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and for cell membranes. Adequate intake matters for liver, muscle, and (especially prenatally) brain development, and deficiency causes real harm. However, supplementing beyond adequate intake has not been shown to enhance cognition in healthy, well-nourished people.
Too little may be associated with
Deficiency: memory issues, fatty liver.
Too much may be associated with
Excess: fishy body odor, low blood pressure, GI upset.
Informational only — not medical advice.
Neurotransmitters
Related
Research (18)
- L-α-GPC in Cognitive Decline: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence in Neurodegenerative Disorders Putri et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Potential therapeutic effects of Ebixa, Ginkgo biloba, and selenium in a cadmium chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease manifestations in rats Alrikabi et al. (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Acetylcholine and choline in honey bee (Apis mellifera) worker brood food are seasonal and age-dependent Siefert et al. (2024) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Citicoline for Supporting Memory in Aging Humans Świątkiewicz et al. (2023) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Choline supplements: An update Kansakar et al. (2023) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Cholinergic circuits in cognitive flexibility Prado et al. (2017) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (l-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment Lee et al. (2017) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Electrochemical detection of acetylcholine and choline: application to the quantitative nonradiochemical evaluation of choline transport Barkhimer et al. (2008) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Cytidine and uridine increase striatal CDP-choline levels without decreasing acetylcholine synthesis or release Ulus et al. (2006) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of the literature Conant et al. (2004) PubMed ↗
- Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline Weiss (1995) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Choline, a precursor of acetylcholine and phospholipids in the brain Klein et al. (1993) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Effect of a new cognition enhancer, alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, on scopolamine-induced amnesia and brain acetylcholine Lopez et al. (1991) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Acetyl-L-carnitine as a precursor of acetylcholine White et al. (1990) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Choline, acetylcholine and dementia Marchbanks (1980) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
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