Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
⤢ 3D
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that functions as both neurotransmitter and stress hormone, central to arousal, alertness, and the fight-or-flight response. From the locus coeruleus it sharpens attention, vigilance, and mood, while in the sympathetic nervous system it raises heart rate and blood pressure. Its dysregulation is implicated in depression, anxiety, PTSD, and ADHD.
Too little may be associated with
Fatigue, depression, low blood pressure
Too much may be associated with
Anxiety, hypertension, panic, insomnia
Informational only — not medical advice.
Stimuli that influence it
Functions
- Arousal
- Attention
- Attention Filtering
- Attention Switching
- Autonomic Control
- Blood Pressure Regulation
- Emotion Processing
- Error Detection
- Executive Function
- Fear Processing
- Heart Rate Regulation
- Homeostasis
- Memory
- Menopause
- Organization
- Perimenopause
- Stress Response
- Temperature Regulation
- Wakefulness
Dysfunctions
Substances
- Amphetamine (↑)(HARMFUL)
- Caffeine (↑)
- Cocaine (↑)(HARMFUL)
- MDMA (↑)(HARMFUL)
- Methylphenidate (↑)
- Phenylalanine (↑)
- Rhodiola (↑)
- Rhodiola rosea (↑)
- SAM-e (S-Adenosylmethionine) (↑)
- Tyrosine (↑)
Behaviors
- Adventure sports (↑)
- Aerobic exercise (↑)
- Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (↑)
- Cold exposure (↑)
- Cold shower (↑)
- Competition (↑)
- Fasting (short-term) (↑)
- Flow state (↑)
- Gambling (↑)
- High-intensity interval training (HIIT) (↑)
- Intermittent fasting (↑)
- Novel experiences (↑)
- Resistance training (↑)
- Sauna (↑)
- Video games (↑)
Books (50)
Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas
Allen Carr's Easy Way to Quit Cocaine
Anxious: Using the Brain to Understand and Treat Fear and Anxiety
Arousal
Awakenings
Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst
Blow: How a Small-Town Boy Made $100 Million with the Medellín Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All
Brain Storms: The Race to Unlock the Mysteries of Parkinson's
Change Your Gambling, Change Your Life
Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America
Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness
Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation
Emotional Processing Deficits and Happiness
Ending Parkinson's Disease
Error Detection
Errors, Error Detection And Error Recovery
Exercise and stress response
Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy
Genetic Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Kidney and Blood Pressure Regulation
Podcasts
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- Flow Research Collective Radio
Conversations on the neuroscience of flow and peak performance.
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- The Autonomic Homeostasis Activation Podcast - Neuroscience • Emotional Resilience • Trauma Recovery
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Research (272)
- Junctophilin-2-orchestrated calcium signalosome regulates brown adipocyte thermogenesis and energy metabolism Wang et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Norepinephrine attenuates acute lung injury by protecting mitochondria via the β(2)-AR-AKAP1 axis and inhibiting alveolar epithelial pyroptosis Zeng et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- The oscillatory biology of sleep: Linkage to dementia Nedergaard (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- High intensity interval training for Parkinson's disease: A scoping review of systemic effects and physiological adaptations Sivaramakrishnan et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Diagnosis and Management of Resistant Hypertension: A Review Azizi et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Sleep disturbance triggers aberrant activation of vagus circuitry and induces intestinal stem cell dysfunction Li et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Noradrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the normal human heart and changes associated with cardiomyopathy Hanna et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Subicular Astrocytes Govern Seizure-Impaired Fear Memory Wang et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Multisensory integration in the mouse ventral visual thalamus mediates stress coping via locus coeruleus-related circuits Liu et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Peripheral Neuropathy: A Review Mauermann et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Amphetamine Toxicity Vasan et al. (2026) PubMed ↗
- Biochemistry, Tyramine Burns et al. (2026) PubMed ↗
- Granisetron Reduces Norepinephrine Requirement for Preventing Post‑Induction Hypotension in Elderly Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Surgery Zhang et al. (2026) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Hyperhidrosis Brackenrich et al. (2026) PubMed ↗
- Hypothalamic Dysfunction Casipit et al. (2026) PubMed ↗
Links
Recovery resources
For stimuli that influence Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline). Not medical advice — see all recovery resources.
988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (US) · crisis
☎ 988Crisis Text Line (text HOME to 741741) · crisis
☎ 741741National Problem Gambling Helpline · crisis
SAMHSA National Helpline (US) · crisis
Co-Anon Family Groups · family & friends support
Families Anonymous (FA) · family & friends support
Gam-Anon · family & friends support
Nar-Anon Family Groups · family & friends support
- Celebrate Recovery · general recovery
SMART Recovery · general recovery
Dual Recovery Anonymous (DRA) · mental & emotional health
- Emotional Health Anonymous (EHA) · mental & emotional health
Emotions Anonymous (EA) · mental & emotional health
Gamblers Anonymous (GA) · process addiction
Internet and Technology Addicts Anonymous (ITAA) · process addiction
Online Gamers Anonymous (OLGA) · process addiction
Cocaine Anonymous (CA) · substance abuse
Crystal Meth Anonymous (CMA) · substance abuse
- Methamphetamine Anonymous · substance abuse
Narcotics Anonymous (NA) · substance abuse
- Pills Anonymous (PA) · substance abuse